Self-Assembled 2,3-Dicyanopyrazino Phenanthrene Aggregates as a Visible-Light Photocatalyst

In this study, 2,3-dicyanopyrazino phenanthrene (DCPP), a commodity chemical that can be prepared at an industrial scale, was used as a photocatalyst in lieu of Ru or Ir complexes in C–X (X = C, N, and O) bond-forming reactions under visible-light irradiation. In these reactions, [DCPP]n aggregates were formed in situ through physical π–π stacking of DCPP monomers in organic solvents. These aggregates exhibited excellent photo- and electrochemical properties, including a visible light response (430 nm), long excited-state lifetime (19.3 μs), high excited-state reduction potential (Ered([DCPP]n*/[DCPP]n·–) = +2.10 V vs SCE), and good reduction stability. The applications of [DCPP]n aggregates as a versatile visible-light photocatalyst were demonstrated in decarboxylative C–C cross-coupling, amidation, and esterification reactions.